International sanctions are economic restrictions imposed by states or official bodies. In recent days, we have seen various financial countermeasures imposed on the Russian Federation. These sanctions imposed on Russia due to its invasion of the Ukrainian state are not rooted solely in this specific conflict; rather, since 2014, the European Union has been taking restrictive measures to sanction Russian actions against Ukraine.

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Just as other Latin American countries like Ecuador, Uruguay also develops the concept of politically exposed persons, PEP —. This definition originates from the recommendations established by the FATF, particularly recommendations 12 and 22; which required credit institutions and other obligated parties to know who their clients were and whether they held a significant position in the political spectrum, subsequently applying enhanced due diligence measures to them.

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Venezuela is no exception when it comes to anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing regulations. As is the case in surrounding countries like Uruguay or Ecuador, Venezuela develops its own definition of politically exposed persons for its national officials.

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The United Kingdom, like other countries in its vicinity such as France, Netherlands, Portugal, or Spain, also defines specific regulations on Politically Exposed Persons (PEPs). The main Anglo-Saxon regulation outlining the key aspects of anti-money laundering is the The Money Laundering, Terrorist Financing and Transfer of Funds (Information on the Payer) Regulations 2017.

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Finland, just like other European countries such as France, owes its regulations on anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing to the European Directives that have been developed over the years. This is why the definition of a PEP (Politically Exposed Person) provided by the Nordic country is closely tied to this European legal instrument.

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The concept of politically exposed person stems from intergovernmental collaboration within international organizations such as the FATF. The outcome of this collaboration is incorporated into the legal frameworks of individual states, with Ecuador being the one analyzed in this article. 

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Politically exposed persons are a type of subject found around the globe. Over the years, and as a result of intergovernmental cooperation within the FATF, states have been developing their regulations concerning politically exposed persons, and today we will analyze the case of Chile.

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Brazil, like other countries in the Americas such as Mexico, Ecuador, or Chile, also establishes its own concept of politically exposed persons. The existence of this concept in various countries around the world is influenced by the Recommendations from the FATF in the development of anti-money laundering regulations.

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The notion of politically exposed person — PEP — arises from cooperation between governments in international organizations such as the FATF. The fruits of this collaboration are reflected in the laws of each country, and this article specifically examines the case of Argentina.

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The Regulation 260/2012 has served as the foundation for establishing the SEPA payment system, a service that has promoted the creation of an electronic payment market with no distinction between domestic and cross-border payments. To remain competitive, the SEPA initiative must be continuously renewed, allowing potential technological innovations to develop new payment products. Under this premise, the European Union has enacted a new Regulation aimed at encouraging instant payments.

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